Who can provide assistance under Modifier 81?

The correct answer is that only a physician can provide assistance under Modifier 81. Modifier 81 is specifically used to indicate that a surgical assistant, who is typically a non-physician or allied health professional, assisted a surgeon during a procedure. However, the modifier specifically applies in cases where a surgical resident is not available, leading to surgical first assistants being other physicians who may not be part of the primary surgical team.

Other options imply that non-physicians or different types of assistants can fulfill this role, which is not consistent with the usage of Modifier 81. While physician's assistants and nurses can assist in a surgical setting, their contributions are generally recorded under different modifiers, not Modifier 81. A non-physician assistant or a surgical resident alone would also not fulfill the requirements set forth by this modifier. The intent behind Modifier 81 is to specifically signal to insurers and third-party payers that the assistance came from a physician, ensuring clarity in billing and reimbursement processes.